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Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Nov 2019Intestine plays a major role for the normal growth of the fetus during the prenatal period. The process of the embryonic development is not quantified histologically.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Intestine plays a major role for the normal growth of the fetus during the prenatal period. The process of the embryonic development is not quantified histologically. Therefore the main aim of the study was to measure the thickness of all part of the wall of the small intestine that are mucosa, submucosa and muscularis externa and to look for the appearance of the Brunner's glands and Peyer's patches in the submucosa of duodenum and ileum.
METHODS
The present study was carried out on 30 fetuses of gestational ages ranging from 11-36 weeks. Ten fetuses from each trimester were used in the study. Fetal small intestine were dissected carefully, and were separated as duodenum, jejunum & ileum and fixed in formalin solution. The tissue was processed for histology and then slides were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. The microscopic features were noted using light microscope.
RESULTS
The thickness of the mucosa, submucosa and the muscularis externa was observed to be increased in first trimester, decreased in the second trimester and again increased in the third trimester, which could be because of the increase cell turnover and the arrangement of the collagen fibers as to support the mucosa and the muscularis externa.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the knowledge of the histogenesis and histomorphometry of the human fetal small intestine is crucial for the adult gastroenterologist to appreciate, because of the potential for these early life events to affect the responsiveness of the intestine to physiological or pathological challenges in later life.
Topics: Age Factors; Female; Fetal Development; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; India; Intestine, Small; Male; Morphogenesis; Pregnancy
PubMed: 31741639
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v29i6.5 -
Journal of Surgical Case Reports Aug 2020Proliferative lesions of the Brunner's glands are uncommonly encountered lesions of the small intestine, originating from the deeply seated mucosal and submucosal...
Proliferative lesions of the Brunner's glands are uncommonly encountered lesions of the small intestine, originating from the deeply seated mucosal and submucosal Brunner's glands, mainly in the duodenum. The vast majorities of these lesions are benign and include Brunner's glands hyperplasia (adenomas/nodules) and hamartomas. The etiology and pathogenesis of these lesions are not fully understood, and the diagnosis can sometimes be challenging. We report a case of Brunner's gland hamartoma in a 57-year-old man who presented with chronic dyspepsia, hematemesis and weight loss. Endoscopic and radiological investigations show a submucosal polypoid lesion at the first part of the duodenum. Routine endoscopic biopsies demonstrated normal duodenal mucosa. The lesion considered endoscopically unresectable and was surgically resected. Frozen section examination and intraoperative consultation showed unremarkable duodenal mucosa and histologically bland Brunner's glands.
PubMed: 32874536
DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjaa191 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones predominantly produced in the adrenal glands in response to physiological cues and stress. Adrenal GCs mediate potent... (Review)
Review
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones predominantly produced in the adrenal glands in response to physiological cues and stress. Adrenal GCs mediate potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Accumulating evidence in the past two decades has demonstrated other extra-adrenal organs and tissues capable of synthesizing GCs. This review discusses the role and regulation of GC synthesis in the intestinal epithelium in the regulation of normal immune homeostasis, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal mucosa, and the development of intestinal tumors.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Cytokines; Glucocorticoids; Homeostasis; Humans; Immune System Phenomena; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestinal Neoplasms
PubMed: 31316505
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01438 -
Minerva Gastroenterology Sep 2023
PubMed: 37712943
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-5985.23.03524-6 -
Endoscopy Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Brunner Glands; Hamartoma; Duodenal Diseases; Endoscopic Mucosal Resection; Duodenum
PubMed: 36002011
DOI: 10.1055/a-1893-5782 -
Journal of Oncology 2022To perform the first systematic report about histological subtypes of nonpolypous hamartomas of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from esophagus to anal canal. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To perform the first systematic report about histological subtypes of nonpolypous hamartomas of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from esophagus to anal canal.
DESIGN
From over 19,000 studies about hamartomas, most of them published as case series or case presentations, we have selected the most representative ones for the GI tract, excluding polyposis syndromes. To have a whole picture of these hamartomas, all of the data were combined with the personal experience of the authors who are GI pathologists.
RESULTS
The examined articles showed predominance of vascular and combined vascular and mesenchymal hamartomas. Arteriovenous hamartomas or Brunner gland hamartomas are mainly diagnosed in the small intestine, with preponderance for duodenum. Other malformations such cavernous hamartomas are more specific for the colorectal segments, whereas chondromatous hamartomas or those derived from the neural ectoderm were mostly reported in the esophagus. As newly recognized entities were admitted in the last years, misdiagnosis is frequent, and the best therapeutic approach is far to be known.
CONCLUSION
Even rare, hamartomas of the GI tract need to be differentiated from tumors and familial polyposis syndromes. Knowing their proper denominations and possible complications is valuable for gastroenterologists, pathologists, and surgeons, to be aware in the differential diagnosis.
PubMed: 35586207
DOI: 10.1155/2022/6983460 -
Surgical Case Reports Nov 2019Duodenal carcinoma originating in Brunner's gland is rare. Herein, we report a case of duodenal carcinoma arising from Brunner's gland in a 63-year-old man.
BACKGROUND
Duodenal carcinoma originating in Brunner's gland is rare. Herein, we report a case of duodenal carcinoma arising from Brunner's gland in a 63-year-old man.
CASE PRESENTATION
On diagnostic imaging, the lesion presented as a non-invasive carcinoma; the patient also had uncontrolled diabetes and liver cirrhosis. Hence, we decided to perform partial duodenectomy to reduce operative stress. Pathological examination revealed that the tumor consisted of tissue from Brunner's gland. Additionally, the carcinoma cells were strongly positive for Mucin-6 protein, which is an epithelial marker of Brunner's gland. The patient's post-operative course was uneventful, and he has been well for 2 years after the surgery.
CONCLUSIONS
This a rare case of an adenocarcinoma arising from Brunner's gland of the duodenum that was resected by duodenectomy.
PubMed: 31728658
DOI: 10.1186/s40792-019-0732-4 -
Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.) Feb 2023Glycoprotein 2 (GP2) is an autoantigen in Crohn's (CD) and coeliac disease (CeD). We assessed GP2-isoform (GP2)-expression in intestinal biopsies of paediatric patients...
Glycoprotein 2 (GP2) is an autoantigen in Crohn's (CD) and coeliac disease (CeD). We assessed GP2-isoform (GP2)-expression in intestinal biopsies of paediatric patients with CD, CeD, ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy children (HC). Transcription of GP2 was elevated in proximal small intestine in CeD and CD patients (only GP2) compared to jejunum (CeD/CD) and large bowel (CD). CeD patients demonstrated higher duodenal GP2-mRNA levels compared to HC/UC patients whereas CD patients showed higher GP2-mRNA levels compared to UC patients. Duodenal synthesis of only small GP2 isoforms (GP2) was demonstrated in epithelial cells in patients/HC and in Brunner glands (also large isoforms) with a more frequent apical location in CD/CeD patients. All four GP2 isoforms interacted with gliadin and phosphopeptidomannan. Gliadin digestion improved binding to GP2 isoforms. GP2 binding to CeD/CD-related antigens, elevated duodenal GP2-mRNA transcription, and GP2-protein secretion in Brunner glands of CeD/CD patients suggest an autoimmune CeD/CD link.
Topics: Humans; Child; Celiac Disease; Brunner Glands; Gliadin; GPI-Linked Proteins; Autoantibodies; Crohn Disease; Colitis, Ulcerative; Protein Isoforms; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 36608744
DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109214 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Nov 2023Brunner's gland hyperplasia constitutes 10.6% of benign tumors of the duodenum, with an incidence of 0.008%. It is usually an incidental finding during endoscopy or...
Brunner's gland hyperplasia constitutes 10.6% of benign tumors of the duodenum, with an incidence of 0.008%. It is usually an incidental finding during endoscopy or imaging tests as they are small and asymptomatic. In the case of symptomatic tumors, resection of the lesion is indicated. In lesions ≤2 cm, endoscopic resection can be chosen, reserving surgery for larger lesions or endoscopically inaccessible ones. We present the case of a patient with a history of vomiting and hyporexia of months of evolution who presented peptic ulcer perforation and underwent surgery. During follow-up, she presented intestinal obstruction due to pyloric stenosis. Given the impossibility of ruling out a neoplastic process with certainty in diagnostic tests, surgical resection (antrectomy) was decided with an anatomopathological finding of Brunner's gland hyperplasia.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Brunner Glands; Duodenal Diseases; Intestinal Obstruction; Duodenum
PubMed: 36896921
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2023.9538/2023 -
Cells Aug 2023Aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane proteins permeable to water, are involved in gastrointestinal secretion. The secretory products of the glands are delivered either to... (Review)
Review
Aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane proteins permeable to water, are involved in gastrointestinal secretion. The secretory products of the glands are delivered either to some organ cavities for exocrine glands or to the bloodstream for endocrine glands. The main secretory glands being part of the gastrointestinal system are salivary glands, gastric glands, duodenal Brunner's gland, liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, intestinal goblet cells, exocrine and endocrine pancreas. Due to their expression in gastrointestinal exocrine and endocrine glands, AQPs fulfill important roles in the secretion of various fluids involved in food handling. This review summarizes the contribution of AQPs in physiological and pathophysiological stages related to gastrointestinal secretion.
Topics: Intestinal Absorption; Gastrointestinal Absorption; Gastrointestinal Tract; Body Fluids; Aquaporins
PubMed: 37681902
DOI: 10.3390/cells12172170